For alternative betydninger, se arm (flertydig). ()
ARM, tidligere Advanced RISC Machines og endnu tidligere Acorn RISC Machine, er en RISC-mikroprocessorarkitektur. ARM-arkitekturen er den mest anvendte 32-bit-arkitektur efter antal producerede enheder.
![image](https://www.wikidata.da-dk.nina.az/image/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cud2lraWRhdGEuZGEtZGsubmluYS5hei9pbWFnZS9hSFIwY0hNNkx5OTFjR3h2WVdRdWQybHJhVzFsWkdsaExtOXlaeTkzYVd0cGNHVmthV0V2WTI5dGJXOXVjeTkwYUhWdFlpOWtMMlF5TDBSRlExOVRkSEp2Ym1kQlVrMHVhbkJuTHpNd01IQjRMVVJGUTE5VGRISnZibWRCVWswdWFuQm4uanBn.jpg)
ARM-processoren var en af de første RISC-processorer og var fra starten kraftfuld; det var muligt at udføre en instruktion for hver anden klokcyklus. ARM-processoren har en særlig "ren" RISC-implementation og den anses for at være en af de mest elegante moderne mikroprocessorer. Den bliver anvendt i de udbredte ARM mikrocontrollere.
En af meddesignerne af ARM-arkitekturen er , som har fået en Britisk ærestitel.
ARM1 og ARM2 var og er sikkert de mindste CPUer med 32 bit databus der findes. De blev udviklet i perioden 1984-1987. ARM1 og ARM2 har kun hhv. 25.000 og 30.000 transistorer, hvilket er medvirkende til det særligt lave energiforbrug. Motorolas ældre 16/32-bit-processor 68000 har til sammenligning 68.000 transistorer.
ARM2 blev anvendt i PCen, som kunne købes fra 1987.
Intels xScale anvender ARM-arkitekturen.
ARM-kerner
Arkitekturer
Arkitektur | Familie |
---|---|
ARMv1 | ARM1 |
ARMv2 | ARM2, |
ARMv3 | ARM6, |
ARMv4 | , , ARM9TDMI |
ARMv5 | , , , |
ARMv6 | ARM11, |
ARMv7 | (fx , ), , |
ARMv8-R | Cortex-R__ (32 bit) |
ARMv8-A | , (64 bit) |
Familier
Familie | Arkitektur version | Kerne | Egenskaber | Cache (I/D)/MMU | Typisk MIPS @ MHz | Anvendelser |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ARM1 | ARMv1 | ARM1 | Ingen | anden processor til | ||
ARM2 | ARMv2 | ARM2 | Arkitektur 2 tilføjet MUL (multiplikation) instruktioner | Ingen | 4 MIPS @ 8 MHz 0,33 /MHz | , |
ARMv2a | ARM250 | Integreret MEMC (MMU), Grafik and IO processor. Arkitektur 2a tilføjet SWP og SWPB (swap) instruktioner. | Ingen, MEMC1a | 7 MIPS @ 12 MHz | ||
ARM3 | ARMv2a | ARM2a | Første anvendelse af en processor cache i ARM. | 4K samlet | 12 MIPS @ 25 MHz 0,50 /MHz | |
ARM6 | ARMv3 | ARM60 | v3 arkitektur første til at understøtte 32 bits hukommelsesadressering (tidligere 26 bits) | Ingen | 10 MIPS @ 12 MHz | , Zarlink GPS Receiver |
ARM600 | Cache og coprocessor bus (til FPA10 floating-point unit). | 4K samlet | 28 MIPS @ 33 MHz | |||
ARM610 | Cache, ingen coprocessor bus. | 4K samlet | 17 MIPS @ 20 MHz 0,65 /MHz | , | ||
ARM7 | ARMv3 | ARM700 | 8KB samlet | 40 MHz | prototype CPU kort | |
ARM710 | 8KB samlet | 40 MHz | ||||
ARM710a | 8KB samlet | 40 MHz 0,68 /MHz | , Apple eMate 300 | |||
ARM7100 | Integreret SoC. | 8KB samlet | 18 MHz | |||
ARM7500 | Integreret SoC. | 4KB samlet | 40 MHz | |||
ARM7500FE | Integreret SoC. "FE" Tilføjet FPA og EDO hukommelseskontroller. | 4KB samlet | 56 MHz 0,73 /MHz | |||
ARMv4T | ARM7TDMI(-S) | 3-trins pipeline, Thumb-instruktioner | none | 15 MIPS @ 16,8 MHz | Game Boy Advance, Nintendo DS, iPod, | |
ARM710T | 8KB samlet, | 36 MIPS @ 40 MHz | ||||
ARM720T | 8KB samlet, MMU | 60 MIPS @ 59,8 MHz | ||||
ARM740T | MPU | |||||
ARMv5TEJ | ARM7EJ-S | Jazelle DBX, Forbedret DSP instruktioner, 5-trins pipeline | Ingen | |||
ARMv4 | SA-110 | 16KB/16KB, MMU | 203 MHz 1,0 /MHz | 2x00 serie, , Rebel/Corel Netwinder, Chalice CATS, Psion Netbook | ||
SA-1110 | 16KB/16KB, MMU | 233 MHz | , Intel Assabet, H36x0, , SL-5x00 | |||
ARM8 | ARMv4 | ARM810 | 5-trins pipeline, static branch prediction, double-bandwidth memory | 8 KB samlet, MMU | 84 MIPS @ 72 MHz 0,85 /MHz | prototype CPU card |
ARM9TDMI | ARMv4T | ARM9TDMI | 5-trins pipeline | Ingen | ||
ARM920T | 16KB/16KB, MMU | 200 MIPS @ 180 MHz | , , (first core), (Motorola i. MX1), Hewlet Packard , , Samsung s3c2442 (HTC TyTN, Neo1973) | |||
ARM922T | 8KB/8KB, MMU | |||||
ARM940T | 4KB/4KB, MPU | (anden kerne) | ||||
ARMv5TE | ARM946E-S | Forbedrede DSP instruktioner | variable, tightly coupled memories, MPU | Nintendo DS, Nokia , Conexant 802.11 chips | ||
ARM966E-S | Ingen cache, TCMs | ST Micro STR91xF, inkluderer Ethernet | ||||
ARM968E-S | Ingen cache, TCMs | |||||
ARMv5TEJ | ARM926EJ-S | Jazelle DBX, Forbedret DSP instruktioner | variable, TCMs, MMU | 220 MIPS @ 200 MHz, | Mobiltelefoner: Sony Ericsson (K, W serie), Siemens og (x65 serie og nyere), Texas Instruments , Qualcomm MSM6100, MSM6125, MSM6225, MSM6245, MSM6250, MSM6255A, MSM6260, MSM6275, MSM6280, MSM6300, MSM6500, MSM6800 | |
ARMv5TE | ARM996HS | Processor uden taktgiver, Forbedrede DSP instruktioner | Ingen cache, TCMs, MPU | |||
ARM10E | ARMv5TE | ARM1020E | (VFP), 6-trins pipeline, Forbedrede DSP instruktioner | 32KB/32KB, MMU | ||
ARM1022E | (VFP) | 16KB/16KB, MMU | ||||
ARMv5TEJ | ARM1026EJ-S | Jazelle DBX, Forbedrede DSP instruktioner | variable, MMU or MPU | |||
ARMv5TE | 80200/IOP310/IOP315 | I/O Processor, Forbedrede DSP instruktioner | ||||
80219 | 400/600 MHz | N2100 | ||||
IOP321 | 600 @ 600 MHz | |||||
IOP33x | ||||||
IOP34x | 1-2 core, RAID Acceleration | 32K/32K L1, 512K L2, MMU | ||||
PXA210/PXA250 | Applikationsprocessor, 7-trins pipeline | SL-5600, H3900 | ||||
PXA255 | 32KB/32KB, MMU | 400 @ 400 MHz | Gumstix, E2, | |||
PXA26x | Standard 400 MHz, op til 624 MHz | |||||
PXA27x | Applikationsprocessor | 800 MIPS @ 624 MHz | HTC Universal, SL-C1000, 3000, 3100, 3200, x30, x50, og x51 serien, Motorola Q, , , , Motorola Ezx Platform A728, A780, A910, A1200, E680, E680i, E680g, E690, E895, Rokr E2, Rokr E6, Fujitsu Siemens LOOX N560 | |||
PXA800(E)F | ||||||
Monahans | 1000 MIPS @ 1,25 GHz | |||||
PXA900 | Blackberry 8700, Blackberry Pearl (8100) | |||||
IXC1100 | Control Plane Processor | |||||
IXP2400/IXP2800 | ||||||
IXP2850 | ||||||
IXP2325/IXP2350 | ||||||
IXP42x | NSLU2 | |||||
IXP460/IXP465 | ||||||
ARM11 | ARMv6 | ARM1136J(F)-S | , Jazelle DBX, (VFP), 8-stage pipeline | variable, MMU | 740 @ 532-665 MHz (i.MX31 SoC), 400-528 MHz | Texas Instruments (Nokia N95, ), Zune, , Qualcomm MSM7200 (with integrated ARM926EJ-S Coprocessor@274MHz, used in (Kaiser), ) |
ARMv6T2 | ARM1156T2(F)-S | , Thumb-2, (VFP), 9-trins pipeline | variable, MPU | |||
ARMv6KZ | ARM1176JZ(F)-S | , Jazelle DBX, (VFP) | variable, MMU+TrustZone | Apple iPhone, , , Raspberry Pi | ||
ARMv6K | ARM11 MPCore | 1-4 core SMP, , Jazelle DBX, (VFP) | variable, MMU | |||
Cortex | ARMv7-A | Cortex-A8 | Application profile, VFP, NEON, Jazelle RCT, Thumb-2, 13-trins superskalar pipeline | variable (L1+L2), MMU+TrustZone | op til 2000 (2,0 DMIPS/MHz i hastighed fra 600 MHz til mere end 1 GHz) | Texas Instruments |
Cortex-A9 | Application profile, (VFP), (NEON), Jazelle RCT and DBX, Thumb-2, Out-of-order speculative issue superscalar | MMU+TrustZone | 2,0 DMIPS/MHz | |||
Cortex-A9 MPCore | As Cortex-A9, 1-4 core SMP | MMU+TrustZone | 2,0 DMIPS/MHz | |||
ARMv7-R | Cortex-R4(F) | Embedded profile, (FPU) | variable cache, MPU optional | 600 | is a user | |
ARMv7-M | Cortex-M3 | Microcontroller profile, kun Thumb-2. | Ingen cache, (MPU) | 125 DMIPS @ 100 MHz | Luminary Micro mikrocontroller familie, ST Microelectronics STM32 | |
ARMv6-M | Cortex-M1 | FPGA targeted, Microcontroller profile, Thumb-2 (BL, MRS, MSR, ISB, DSB, og DMB). | Ingen, tightly coupled memory optional. | Op til 136 DMIPS @ 170 MHz (0.8 DMIPS/MHz, MHz achievable FPGA-dependent) | "Actel ProASIC3 and Actel Fusion PSC devices will sample in Q3 2007" |
Kilder/referencer
- 29 December 2007, BBC News: Home computing pioneer honoured 31. december 2007 hos Wayback Machine Citat: "...Steve Furber, of the University of Manchester, was made a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE)....The scientist also helped design the ARM processor, a type of chip that dominates mobile electronics [i dag]...ARM processors have become popular for portable electronics because of their efficient use of power..."
- 28 Nov 2015, theregister: Meet ARM1, grandfather of today's mobe, tablet CPUs – watch it crunch code live in a browser 29. maj 2020 hos Wayback MachineCitat: "...More or less, the 32-bit RISC ARM instruction set hasn't changed too much since the mid-1980s; a more compact instruction set called Thumb was introduced by ARM for handhelds and small embedded gizmos, and the 64-bit ARMv8 instruction set, launched in 2011, resembles MIPS64..."
- "10/23/2013, eetimes.com: ARM Unveils New Architecture for Automotive". fra originalen 10. september 2017. Hentet 8. december 2013.
- "2013, arm.com: ARMv8-R Architecture Overview" (PDF). (PDF) fra originalen 1. januar 2019. Hentet 8. december 2013.
- arm.com: ARMv8-A Architecture 29. april 2017 hos Wayback Machine Citat: "...ARMv8-A introduces 64-bit architecture support to the ARM architecture..."
- arm.com: 2.2.2. ARM, Thumb, Thumb-2, and Thumb-2EE instruction sets
- "Neo1973: GTA01Bv4 versus GTA02 comparison". Arkiveret fra originalen 13. marts 2012. Hentet 2007-11-15.
- "Arkiveret kopi". fra originalen 27. september 2007. Hentet 10. januar 2008.
- . Arkiveret fra originalen 1. februar 2009. Hentet 13. februar 2008.
- 28. apr 2006, Ing.dk: Klokløs processor støjer mindre ()
- "02/08/2006, eetimes.com: ARM offers first clockless processor core". fra originalen 5. marts 2012. Hentet 13. februar 2008.
- arm.com: 2.2.1. TrustZone model
- "Luminary Micro – Stellaris® — the industry's first Cortex-M3 MCUs". fra originalen 22. februar 2015. Hentet 21. januar 2021.
- "Welcome to STMicroelectronics". fra originalen 17. maj 2008. Hentet 10. januar 2008.
- "ARM Extends Cortex Family with First Processor Optimized for FPGA" 5. maj 2007 hos Wayback Machine, ARM press release, March 19 2007. Accessed April 11, 2007.
- "ARM Cortex-M1" 1. april 2007 hos Wayback Machine, ARM product website. Accessed April 11, 2007.
- "ARM Extends Cortex Family with First Processor Optimized for FPGA". fra originalen 5. maj 2007. Hentet 10. januar 2008.
Se også
Eksterne henvisninger
![]() | Wikimedia Commons har medier relateret til: ARM (processorarkitektur) |
- ARM Ltd. 15. april 2018 hos Wayback Machine
- ARM Assembler Programming; tutourial, resources, and examples 28. juni 2007 hos Wayback Machine
Linux og ARM
ARM uden MMU kan køre Linux kerne 2.6 varianten :
- uClinux – 2.6.x branch 27. oktober 2004 hos Wayback Machine
- Linux 2.6 – With working ARM support 9. august 2004 hos Wayback Machine
ARM med MMU (f.eks. ARM-kerne ARM920T) kan køre standard Linux kerne 2.4-2.6.
Emulator
- ArcEm – Archimedes Emulator 9. august 2013 hos Wayback Machine
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